Hypergiants the Most Massive Stars in the Universe

The universe is filled with stars of all sizes and types. The biggest ones out there are called hypergiants, and they dwarf our tiny Sun. Not only that, but some of them can be truly weird. Hypergiants are tremendously bright and packed with enough material to make a million stars like our own. When theyre born, they take up all the available starbirth material in the area and live their lives fast and hot. Hypergiants are born through the same process as other stars and shine the same way, but beyond that, they are very, very different from their tinier siblings.   Learning about Hypergiants Hypergiant stars  were first identified separately from other supergiants because they are significantly brighter; that is, they have a larger luminosity  than others. Studies of their light output also show that these stars are losing mass very rapidly. That mass loss is one defining characteristic of a hypergiant. The others include their temperatures (very high) and their masses (up to many times the mass of the Sun). Creation of Hypergiant Stars All stars form in clouds of gas and dust, no matter what size they end up being. Its a process that takes millions of years, and eventually the star turns on when it starts to fuse hydrogen in its core. Thats when it moves onto a period of time in its evolution called the  main sequence. This term refers to a chart of stellar evolution that astronomers use to understand the life of a star. All stars spend the majority of their lives on the main sequence, steadily fusing hydrogen. The bigger and more massive a star is, the more quickly it uses up its fuel. Once the hydrogen fuel in any stars core is gone, the star essentially leaves the main sequence and evolves  into a different type. That happens with all stars. The big difference comes at the end of a stars life. And, thats dependent on its mass. Stars like the Sun end their lives as planetary nebulae, and blow their masses out to space in shells of gas and dust. When we get to hypergiants and their lives, things get really interesting. Their deaths can be pretty awesome catastrophes. Once these high-mass stars have exhausted their hydrogen, they expand to become much-larger supergiant stars. The Sun actually will do the same thing in the future, but on a much smaller scale. Things change inside these stars, too. The expansion is caused as the star begins to fuse helium into carbon and oxygen. That heats the interior of the star up, which eventually causes the exterior to swell. This process helps them avoid collapsing in on themselves, even as they heat up. At the supergiant stage, a star oscillates between several states. It will be a red supergiant  for a while, and then when it starts to fuse other elements in its core, it can become a  blue supergiant. IN between such a star can also appear as a  yellow supergiant as it transitions. The different colors are due to the fact that the star is swelling in size to hundreds of times the radius of our Sun in the red supergiant phase, to less than 25 solar radii in the blue supergiant phase. In these supergiant phases, such stars lose mass quite rapidly and therefore are quite bright. Some supergiants are brighter than expected, and astronomers studied them in more depth. It turns out the hypergiants are some of the most massive stars ever measured and their aging process is much more exaggerated.   Thats the basic idea behind how a hypergiant grows old. The most intense process is suffered by stars that are more than a hundred times the mass of our Sun. The largest is more than 265 times its mass, and incredibly bright. Their brightness and other characteristics led astronomers to give these bloated stars a new classification:  hypergiant. They are essentially supergiants (either red, yellow or blue) that have very high mass, and also high mass-loss rates. Detailing the Final Death Throes of Hypergiants Because of their high mass and luminosity, hypergiants only live a few million years. Thats a pretty short lifespan for a star. By comparison, the Sun will live about 10 billion years.  Their short lifespans mean that they go from baby stars to hydrogen-fusion very quickly, they exhaust their hydrogen quite fast, and move into the supergiant phase long before their smaller, less-massive, and ironically, longer-lived stellar siblings (like the Sun). Eventually, the core of the hypergiant will fuse heavier and heavier elements until the core is mostly iron. At that point, it takes more energy to fuse iron into a heavier element than the core has available. Fusion stops. The temperatures and pressures in the core that held the rest of the star in whats called hydrostatic equilibrium (in other words, the outward pressure of the core pushed against the heavy gravity of the layers above it) are no longer enough to keep the rest of the star from collapsing in on itself. That balance is gone, and that means its catastrophe time in the star. What happens?  It collapses, catastrophically. The collapsing upper layers collide with the core, which is expanding. Everything then rebounds back out. Thats what we see when a supernova explodes. In the case of the hypergiant, the catastrophic death isnt just a supernova. Its going to be a hypernova.  In fact, some theorize that instead of a typical Type II supernova, something called a  gamma-ray burst (GRB) would happen. Thats an incredibly strong outburst, blasting surrounding space with incredible amounts of stellar debris and strong radiation.   Whats left behind? The most likely result of such a catastrophic explosion will be either a  black hole, or perhaps a neutron star or magnetar, all surrounded by a shell of expanding debris many, many light-years across.  Thats the ultimate, weird end for a star that lives fast, dies young: it leaves behind a gorgeous scene of destruction. Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

The Benefits of the Use of the Computers in the Environment

THE BENEFITS OF THE USE OF THE COMPUTERS IN THE ENVIRONMENT The influence of computers is universal. Computers are used in applications ranging from running a farm to monitoring all environmental effects. Because the development of computers has been largely the work of scientists, it is natural that a large body of computer applications serves the scientist and the field of science. Computers have not only helped in increasing awareness amongst the environmental issues, but have also made the research and the development of various diagnostic and prevention methods, easy and cost effective. Environmental pollution can take many forms. However, its impact on our everyday lives is always undesirable and the end results can be potentially†¦show more content†¦By pairing hyper spectral reflectance data with water quality data, we propose to develop a technique to predict toxin concentrations. But remote sensing can also be performed without the use of satellites. For example the wireless sensor technology developed through a partnership between the University of California, Berkeley, and the Intel Research Berkeley laboratory. The researchers developed miniaturized sensors, or motes as they are called, and installed them on the nearby Great Duck Island. Each device, slightly bigger than the two AA batteries powering it, is now beaming back raw data about the conditions in the burrows and the islands microclimate. All this data are available to the biologist on-line through a web-site. This way the environmental scientists can observe the animals in their natural environment without interfering. Furthermore computers have another very important use in the environmental science. Mathematical modelling and computer simulation provide indispensable tools to determine, as accurately as possible, levels at which pollution should be reduced. 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What Is It To Be A Reflective Teacher Education Essay Free Essays

Student instructors should non be trained merely to execute accomplishments in certain prescribed ways but, must hold the mental tools to work on professional undertakings to be adaptable and critical to cognize, resourceful, and originative ( Howey A ; Strom, 1987 ) . Student instructors should be coached in brooding pattern and given greater independency in determination devising, as they can larn to pattern these critical accomplishments and take duty for their determinations, successes, and failures in order to develop into a professional instructor ( Becker 1962 ; Schon, 1984 ) . Therefore, it is of import to be recognised as a professional because: it recognizes the world of mundane life in the schoolroom as a instructor ( See Appendix 1, 2 and 7 ) Teacher as a professional: It is of import to see the graduated table of which instructors are considered professionals. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is It To Be A Reflective Teacher Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The standard attack of Hoyle and John ( 1995 ) leads to a figure of characteristics that the signifiers the step of an business to be regarded as a professional, such as the definition of a profession in relation to its societal map centre, high accomplishment set and independent decision-making and adaptability, etc. In conformity with Hoyle and John ( 1995 ) , these steps are systematically demonstrated in learning patterns and are embedded as portion of the instruction criterions, ( See Appendix 1, 2 and 4 ) . It is of import to acknowledge that our cognition and apprehension of the countries can alter dramatically over clip. This determines its professional credibleness. This explains why some businesss now recognized as a professional, were non granted this acknowledgment in the yesteryear. For illustration, the complexness of the human organic structure was non known or understood until late. Simple solutions such as shed blooding patients for febrility, were used, and the limited cognition at the clip, appeared to â€Å" work † . Similarly, the simple position of instruction and acquisition, and the simple techniques, such as penalty, are applied and perceived as â€Å" working † . Just over a century physicians were non so different from members of other industries, and merely a little better than the therapist ( Berliner, 1987 ) . Medical instruction in Harvard, Massachusetts, dwelling of two semesters. The â€Å" art † of medical specialty is taught mostly †Å" on the occupation † . Presently, this is the instance with learning being taught â€Å" on the occupation † . Teachers are diffident to which class they belong to semi-professional, tradespersons or professional ( Burke, 1996 ) . As a consequence, they are frequently diffident of what they can truly inquire others such as, direction and ministerial organic structures or what demands other, such as parents, can do on them. Above all, they do non cognize what demands they should be doing of them. Expectations that a professional individual is considered appropriate for themselves are evidently different and more hard than a tradespersons ( Schon, 1984 ) . In add-on, when instructors are seen as professionals, they are cognizant that the quality of service that is expected of them, as they expect it to be from professionals for their demands, such as medical, attorneies ( Burke, 1996 ) . Etzioni ( 1969 ) preferred some professions to be classified as â€Å" semi-professionals. Harmonizing to him, the work twenty-four hours of a instructor is good regulated and capable to controls in countries, such as the demand for instructors to inform the parents about their kid ‘s advancement, school reviews and the publication of consequences of students in the rankings, to inform the independency of instructors. Therefore instructor can be seen as premier illustrations of semi-professionals. The Vision of Teacher as a professional allows broader parametric quantities for the entire development of instructors and learning. This should be an effectual manner to better self-image and promoting instructors to get the hang the basic accomplishments of instruction and supply a better service to pupils and parents. Teachers are, after all, do and implement determinations every twenty-four hours and every hr that traces the life and the hereafter of their students and the public assistance of their state, ( See Appendix 1 and 2 ; Downie, 1990 ) . The more you are cognizant of this fact and others, including the Department for Education, recognize and accept its deductions, the better the instruction will thrive ( See Appendix 5 ) . What is it to be a brooding instructor? In instruction, brooding pattern refers to the development of instructors to analyze their ain instruction methods and find what works best for pupils. It implies instructors consider the ethical deductions of schoolroom processs on the students ( Barbara, 2000 ) . The thought of contemplation in action is the hunt for experiences that connect with our feelings, and go toing our theories in usage. The instructor experiences surprise, perplexity, and confusion in a state of affairs that is unsure or alone. They reflect the state of affairs before them, and use old apprehensions that are already inexplicit in their behavior. The consequence is the building of new cognition to inform our actions in the state of affairs that unfolds before us ( Schon, 1984 ) . Contemplation on action is later carried out after the state of affairs. This may intend composing notes, things to speak to a caput instructor, etc. The act of contemplation on action allows us to pass clip researching why we acted as we did, and so on. Therefore, we developed a new series of inquiries and thoughts about our pattern ( See Appendix 3 and 7 ; Myers, 2011 ; Schon, 1984 ) . In this manner we can acquire involved with a state of affairs that we do non hold a complete apprehension but, hopefully, we can avoid large jobs, while â€Å" proving the Waterss † . When sing a state of affairs in which we are predisposed by and utilize our repertory and our frame of mention. As we work, we can convey fragments of memories and get down the building of edifice on our bing theories and appropriate responses to the new state of affairs ( See appendix 7 ; Myers, 2011 ) . Teachers in general, but possibly scientific discipline instructors in peculiar, have to confront new challenges all the clip in both what they teach ( because that is invariably developing and altering ) and how they teach it. This thought of reflection-in-action that was mentioned before where Schon ( 1984 ) identifies as being a more appropriate characteristic theoretical account for professionalism in times of alteration, requires instructors to take control of their professional acquisition and peculiarly to value the tacit cognition that they hold and which guides their schoolroom pattern. Becoming a professional scientific discipline instructor is non a instance of larning a predefined set of processs and a inactive organic structure of cognition ; it is about prosecuting with a dynamic and exciting topic and confronting the challenges of showing to pupils in an accessible manner. One of the positive facets of a scientific discipline instructor ‘s day-to-day life comes from working with others. Science instructors tend to work in sections. Indeed, there may be more contact and interaction between scientific discipline instructors than other capable specialisms, such as the demand to pass on with technicians on day-to-day footing to to the full fix a lesson, ( See Appendix 6 ) . Decision The art of brooding instruction must be personally fulfilling for instructors, but besides lead to a steady addition in the quality of instruction for kids. In fact, because it is evidence-based, brooding pattern in pupil instructors, freshly qualified instructors, staff and professionals with experience in meeting public presentation criterions and accomplishments. In the note, the construct of brooding instruction focal points on ends, values, and societal effects of instruction ( See appendix 7 ; Myers, 2011 ) . 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Of Beauty Essay Example For Students

Of Beauty Essay Virtue is like a rich stone, best plain set; and surely virtue is best, in a body that is comely, though not of delicate features; and that hath rather dignity of presence, than beauty of aspect. Neither is it almost seen, that very beautiful persons are otherwise of great virtue; as if nature were rather busy, not to err, than in labor to produce excellency. And therefore they prove accomplished, but not of great spirit; and study rather behavior, than virtue. But this holds not always: for Augustus CÃÆ'ƒÂ ¦sar, Titus Vespasianus, Philip le Belle of France, Edward the Fourth of England, Alcibiades of Athens, Ismael the Sophy of Persia, were all high and great spirits; and yet the most beautiful men of their times. In beauty, that of favor, is more than that of color; and that of decent and gracious motion, more than that of favor. That is the best part of beauty, which a picture cannot express; no, nor the first sight of the life. There is no excellent beauty, that hath not some strangeness in the proportion. A man cannot tell whether Apelles, or Albert Durer, were the more trifler; whereof the one, would make a personage by geometrical proportions; the other, by taking the best parts out of divers faces, to make one excellent. Such personages, I think, would please nobody, but the painter that made them. Not but I think a painter may make a better face than ever was; but he must do it by a kind of felicity as a musician that maketh an excellent air in music, and not by rule. A man shall see faces, that if you examine them part by part, you shall find never a good; and yet altogether do well. If it be true that the principal part of beauty is in decent motion, certainly it is no marvel, though persons in years seem many times more amiable; pulchrorum autumnus pulcher; for no youth can be comely but by pardon, and considering the youth, as to make up the comeliness. Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt, and cannot last; and for the most part it makes a dissolute youth, and an age a little out of countenance; but yet certainly again, if it light well, it maketh virtue shine, and vices blush.